fates,
hope this information helps:
What is Group B Streptococcus?
Group B Streptococcus, or GBS, is one of many different bacteria that normally live in our bodies. Approximately one third of adults 'carry' GBS in their intestines and a quarter of women have it in their vagina. Most don't know it's there, as the bacteria don't usually cause problems or symptoms. However, in rare cases, GBS can cause serious illness and even death in newborn babies.
How do I know if I carry GBS? If you do carry GBS, you won't necessarily know as there aren't usually any ill effects. There is a simple test available for GBS, but this isn't done routinely in pregnancy and, according to the charity Group B Strep Support
, it only picks up around 50 per cent of carriers, anyway. For this reason it's important for pregnant women and their carers to know when babies are most likely to develop a GBS infection and what the signs of GBS infection in babies are.
Now I'm pregnant, what should I know about GBS?
Most babies who are exposed to GBS before or during birth suffer no ill effects. However, around one in 1,000 babies in the UK develops a GBS infection: that's 700 babies a year. Sadly, around 100 of these babies will die.
Why some babies develop an infection while others don't isn't clear. What is clear is that most GBS infection in newborn babies can be prevented by giving women in higher-risk situations (see Is my baby at risk of getting a GBS infection?, below) intravenous antibiotics either from the start of labour or from when their waters break (whichever comes first) until their baby is born.
Caesareans are not recommended to prevent GBS infection in babies as they don't eliminate the risk of GBS to the baby.
Very occasionally GBS causes infection of the womb or urinary tract in new mothers.
Is my baby at risk of developing GBS infection?
Your baby is more likely to develop a GBS infection if:
you go into labour prematurely (before 37 weeks of pregnancy)
your waters break prematurely (before 37 weeks) with or without other signs of labour
your waters break more than 18 to 24 hours before you have your baby
you have a raised temperature (37.8C or higher) during labour
you have been found to carry GBS during your current pregnancy
GBS has been found in your urine during this pregnancy (this should be treated when diagnosed, but even if you have been treated, extra precautions should still be taken during labour, see How should my labour be managed?, below)
you have previously had a baby infected with GBS.
How can my baby be kept safe from GBS?
If you don't fall into one of the higher-risk groups, above, your baby is highly unlikely to develop a GBS infection.
If you are higher-risk, research shows that having intravenous antibiotics from the start of your labour or from when your waters break (whichever comes first) until your baby is born can prevent most GBS infections in newborn babies. Ideally, you should have intravenous antibiotics for at least four hours before your baby is born.
If your baby is at higher risk of developing a GBS infection, once he is born:
he should be examined by a paediatrician immediately
if both you and he are completely healthy, and you have had at least four hours intravenous antibiotics, he should not be given intravenous antibiotics
if both you and he are healthy, but you have not received four hours of intravenous antibiotics, he should be started on intravenous antibiotics until he's given the all clear
if you or he shows signs of GBS infection, he should be started on intravenous antibiotics immediately.
What are the signs of GBS infection in a baby?
Approximately 60 per cent of GBS infections in babies are apparent at birth and 90 per cent within the first two days. This is known as 'early-onset' GBS. It can usually be successfully treated with intravenous antibiotics, although even with the best possible care the infection can be fatal in around one in eight infected babies.
Typical signs of early-onset GBS infection include:
grunting
poor feeding
lethargy
low blood pressure
irritability
abnormally high or low temperature, heart rate and/or breathing rate.
Around 10 per cent of GBS infections develop after the baby is two days old ('late-onset' GBS), usually as meningitis with septicaemia. Most babies survive with treatment, although approximately 30 per cent will be left with long-term problems.
The warning signs of late-onset GBS infection may include:
fever
poor feeding and/or vomiting
drowsiness.
Signs of meningitis in babies may include, as well as any of the signs listed above:
shrill or moaning cry or whimpering
dislike of being handled, fretful
tense or bulging fontanelle (soft spot on head)
involuntary body stiffening/jerking movements
floppy body
blank, staring or trance-like expression
low or high breathing rate
turns away from bright lights
pale and-or blotchy skin.
Early diagnosis and treatment are vital in late-onset GBS infection or meningitis so, if your baby shows any of the signs above, call your GP immediately. If your GP isn't available, go straight to casualty. The risk of your baby developing GBS decreases with age GBS infections in babies are rare after one month of age and virtually unknown after three months.
I'm carrying GBS -- what now?
If you have been affected by GBS in a previous pregnancy, or you are found to be carrying it in your current pregnancy, talk to your midwife or obstetrician and agree a pregnancy/birth plan that will protect your baby from the infection. In the vast majority of cases pregnancy can be managed so your baby is protected and born healthy and free from GBS. For more information about GBS, talk to your midwife or doctor or contact Group B Strep Support.